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MDG 3:  Promote Gender Equality and Empower Woman

Disclaimer: Some of the MDG data presented in this website have been adjusted by the responsible specialized agencies to ensure international comparability, in compliance with their shared mandate to assess progress towards the MDGs at the regional and global levels.[1] 

 

Target 3a: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015

 

Indicators (United Nations)

3.1  Ratios of girls to boys in education

  1. Primary  :

Ø  2000: 0.68[2]

Ø  2005: 0.76[3]

Ø  2007: 0.83[4]

  1. Secondary: 

Ø  2000:

Ø  2005: 0.78[5]

Ø  2007: 0.76[6]

  1. Tertiary:

Ø  2000:

Ø  2005: 0.88[7]

Ø  2007: 0.85[8]

Pakistan has a low primary education enrolment rate. However, scenarios change quite dramatically throughout the study cycle, and dropout rates can be high , especially true of access to tertiary education. Women’s share of tertiary enrolment in comparison to secondary enrolment also drops significantly (between 3 – 14%) Pakistan.[9] 

 

Voices from the ground:

Videos:

  1. This video shows how education for women and girls is under attack from fundamentalist forces in Pakistan. Watch the video 
  2. This video shows the effect of the Taliban burning down over 125 girls schools, calling women's education un-Islamic, and converted the remains of the building into their local headquarters. Watch the video 

 

 

3.2 Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector

  1. 2000: 13.0 (total paid employment)[10]
  2. 2005: 13.9 (total paid employment)[11]
  3. 2008: 13.2[12]               

 

Critical Indicators to monitor labour force participation

      3.2.1 Labour Force Participation:

  1. Female Economic Activity rate: 32.7%[13]
  2. Change in Economic Activity Rate using index (1990 = 100) 2005: 111[14]
  3. As % of male rate 2005: 39%[15]

Voices from the ground:

Videos:

  1. The number of female graduates is not only increasing every year in Pakistan, but their academic performance is also much better as compared to men. However, only a handful of these women are able to get the jobs they are looking for. Most remain unemployed for reasons ranging from their gender to their marital status to job requirements. DawnNews correspondent Sana Saif speaks with one such girl and finds out the difficulties she is facing in seeking employment. Watch the video
  2. This video highlights how the largest Muslim seminary in India, Darul Uloom of Deoband, has issued a fatwa against working Muslim women, saying working with men is not Islamic. Watch the video

News/MagazineArticles:

  1. The Global Employment Trends 2009 examined the most current information available in order to assess the impact of the financial crisis and slowdown in world economic growth on jobs and what we could expect from several possible scenarios for the way the situation might evolve in the year ahead. This issue of the Global Employment Trends for Women looks at the gender aspects of this impact, and updates indicators on the situation of women in labour markets around the world. See page 13 for Pakistan. Download the publication here 
  2. “Pakistan's military government has pledged to boost the number of women in the workforce, which currently stands at less than 20%.” Read more 

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3.4 Additional, critical indicators for gender equality with regards to sexual and reproductive health and rights

The third MDG deals with the status of women in society and aims to promote gender equality and empower women.

However achievement of gender equality is not only about sending girls to school, women to the workplace and to parliament.

Everyday, many women continue to face inequalities and inequities within the family and society that they live in.

Many issues of sexual and reproductive health and rights are in essence gender equality issues as well as health issues. Sexual and reproductive health outcomes are results of power inequalities which have a negative impact on women’s health.

Issues of contraception such as male participation in contraception and spousal opposition to contraception (which is addressed in the MDG 5 pages) are gender issues.

Maternal deaths is a demonstratable issue of gender inequality. And as only women ‘can die’ from maternal deaths, a lack of access to life-saving procedures and medicines can amount to ‘discrimination’.

Violence is a reflection of power inequalities in society and comparably more women then men continue to be targets. Violence against women often results in physical and mental ill-health as well as death.

Recognition of women’s autonomy over her sexual life and her sexuality is also unequal to that of men, and can result in both sexual and reproductive ill-health for women.

However, all of these issues are addressed neither in the goal on gender equality nor in the goal on maternal and reproductive health. We have tried to incorporate some perspectives on these on the pages on MDG 3 & 5.

One such critical indicator for which data is readily available is:

3.4.1 Male Contraception as % of total contraception:

  1. Condom Users as proportion of all contraceptive users is 22.97%[30]
  2. Vasectomy as proportion of all contraceptive users is 0.33%[31]

 

Male contraception methods include condom usage and male steralisation. Condom users as proportion of all contraception users is 10, and male steralisation users as proportion of all contraception users is 13.1 in Nepal. In all 12 countries male contraception is at appallingly low  rates, and is nowhere near the desired ideal of having  both men and women sharing equal responsibility over  sexual and reproductive health decisions as couples.  

 

 

[1] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[2] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[3] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[4] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[5] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[6] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[7] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[8] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[9] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi; Racherla Sai Jyothirmai. (2009). Chapter 2: Regional Context for the Realisation of sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights: Women’s Empowerment and Health Financing. In The State of the Region Report on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights-Monitoring ICPD+15 in Asia (Unpublished) (p.18). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: The Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women (ARROW)

[10] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[11] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[12] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[13] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[14] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[15] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[16] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[17] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[18] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[19] National Commision for Justice and Peace, Democratic Commission for Human Development. (2007). Article 7: Political Representation. In Discrimination lingers on…A Report on the Compliance of CEDAW in Pakistan (pp. 27 - 8). Pakistan: National Commision for Justice and Peace, Democratic Commission for Human Development.

[20] The UN Secretary-General’s Database on Violence Against Women. Retrieved 17 July, 2010, from The Secretary-General’s Database on Violence Against Women Web site: http://webapps01.un.org/vawdatabase/advancedSearch.action

[21] The Domestic Violence Bill has been submitted to Parliament and activism to ensure its enactment by civil society organisations is on-going as according to Dawn publication, 9 Oct and 6 November 2008

[22] Aurat Foundation. (2008). Situation of Violence against Women of Pakistan. (pp.2). Islamabad, Pakistan: Aurat Foundation

[23] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi; Racherla Sai Jyothirmai. (2009). Chapter 4: Sexual Health and Rights. In The State of the Region Report on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights-Monitoring ICPD+15 in Asia (Unpublished) (p.126). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: The Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women (ARROW)

[24] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi; Racherla Sai Jyothirmai. (2009). Chapter 4: Sexual Health and Rights. In The State of the Region Report on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights-Monitoring ICPD+15 in Asia (Unpublished) (p.127). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: The Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women (ARROW)

[25] National Commission for Justice and Peace. (2007). Article 6: Trafficking and Prostitution. In Discrimination Lingers On… A Report on the Compliance of CEDAW in Pakistan (pp. 24). Lahore, Pakistan: National Commission for Justice and Peace

[26] National Commission for Justice and Peace. (2007). Article 6: Trafficking and Prostitution. In Discrimination Lingers On… A Report on the Compliance of CEDAW in Pakistan (pp. 24). Lahore, Pakistan: National Commission for Justice and Peace

[27] Office of the Undersecretary for Global Affairs. (2005). Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000: Trafficking in Persons Report. Washington D.C., USA:US Department of State Publication

[28] Government of Pakistan. (2005). Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Combined initial, second and third periodic reports of States parties – Pakistan. Pakistan, Government of Pakistan.

[29] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi and Racherla, Sai Jyothirmai. (2009.) Reclaiming and Redefining Rights, ICPD+15: Status of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Asia. Malaysia: ARROW.

[30] National Institute of Population Studies; Macro International Inc. (2007). Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2006-07. Islamabad, Pakistan: National Institute of Population Studies; Macro International Inc.

[31] National Institute of Population Studies; Macro International Inc. (2007). Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2006-07. Islamabad, Pakistan: National Institute of Population Studies; Macro International Inc.

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