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MDG 3:  Promote Gender Equality and Empower Woman

Disclaimer: Some of the MDG data presented in this website have been adjusted by the responsible specialized agencies to ensure international comparability, in compliance with their shared mandate to assess progress towards the MDGs at the regional and global levels.[1] 

 

Target 3a: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015

 

Indicators (United Nations)

3.1  Ratios of girls to boys in education

  1. Primary  :

Ø  1999: 1[2]

Ø  2005: 0.99[3]

Ø  2008: 0.98[4]

  1. Secondary: 

Ø  1999: 1.09[5]

Ø  2005: 1.12[6]

Ø  2008: 1.09[7]

  1. Tertiary:

Ø  1999: 1.26[8]

Ø  2005: 1.23[9]

Ø  2008: 1.24[10]

In the Philippines, enrollment rates of girls tended to equal or exceed that of boys, and they have tended to stay longer in educational institutions as well. However, it is concerning that the ratio of girls to boys have dipped slightly, particularly for the primary level, from 1999 to 2008. Furthermore, while in general, the MDG target is close to being achieved, gaps remain with various marginalised groups continuing to face unequal opportunities for education. For example, indigenous peoples comprise barely 3% of the total enrolment in the primary level in school year 2006-2007, and girls were a bit less than boys (49.65%).[11]

 

Voices from the ground:

News Magazines/Articles:

a.   This article highlights the high drop-out rates of students in Filipino schools. Read the article  

 

3.2 Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector

  1. 2000: 40.9[12]
  2. 2005: 41.4[13]
  3. 2008: 41.7[14]               

Women’s share in paid employment in the non-agricultural sector improved slightly from 40.9% in 2000 to 41.7% in 2008. With political will, it is still possible to achieve 50% by 2015. (See 3.3.2 for more.)

 

Critical Indicators to monitor labour force participation

      3.2.1 Labour Force Participation:

  1. Female Economic Activity rate: 54.7%[15]
  2. Change in Economic Activity Rate using index (1990 = 100) 2005: 115[16]
  3. As % of male rate 2005: 66%[17]

Although Filipino women’s participation in the labour force showed improvement from 1990 to 2005 in the Philippines, there is still much room for improvement in their participation in the economic sphere. There is still considerable gap between women’s and men’s labour force participation in the country, with women’s labour force participation rate standing at 49.3% compared to 78.8% for men in 2008.[18] Gender disparity can also be observed in unpaid work in the Philippines. Of the 4.3 million unpaid family workers in agriculture, industry and services sectors in 2006, 55.8% were women while only 44.2% were men.[19] ­Furthermore, women continue to face many challenges in the work place, including many forms of discrimination as well as sexual harassment.

Considering that there were 2 million Filipino migrant workers deployed all over the world in 2008, 48.4% of which were women,[20] discrimination and lack of protection to migrant workers in receiving countries is also a major concern.

 

Voices from the ground:

Videos:

a.   “The Philippines tops the list of countries with the most female executives in the world, with 48 per cent of senior positions in private

        businesses occupied by women.” Watch the video

 

News Magazines/Articles:

a.    This article highlights how climate change pushes poor women to prostitution. Read the article  

 

 

3.3 Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament

  1. 2000: 12.4[21]
  2. 2005: 15.3[22]
  1. 2008: 21.0[23]   

Even though the Philippines has had two female presidents, there is still a lot of ground to be covered and social and structural barriers to be overcome by women in the political arena. While the proportion of women in the Philippine Congress has improved significantly from 12.4% in 2000 to 21% in 2008, this is still a long way from reaching 50% by 2015.

 

Critical indicators to monitor women’s legislation

3.3.1      Laws on equality; protecting women from violence[24]:

a.    Domestic Violence:  Anti-Violence against Women and their Children Act  (RA9262) (2004) 

b.    Anti-Rape: Anti-Rape Law (1997), which amended the Revised Penal Code 

c.    Anti-Marital Rape: Anti-Rape Law (1997)

d.    Anti-Sexual Harassment: Anti-Sexual Harassment Act (2007)

e.    Anti-Trafficking: Anti-Trafficking in Person Act (2003)

Mainly due to advocacy of women’s groups, the Philippines has enacted progressive laws protecting women from domestic violence, sexual violence and trafficking, with marital rape even included as part of the anti-rape law. However, implementation of these laws remains a problem. While these laws and policies exist, however, barriers remain in fully enabling justice to women who experience domestic violence, rape, sexual harassment, trafficking, and other forms of violence.

Moreover, gender-based violence, particularly to women, remains a serious problem in the country. In 2009, the number of violence against women cases reported to the police (9.485 cases) increased by 37.4% from the 2008 report. Physical injuries and/or wife battering remains as the most prevalent type from 1997–2009, accounting for 45.5% of all reported VAW cases. Violation of the Anti-VAWC Action ranked second (17.8%), rape cases third (13.1%), and acts of lasciviousness fourth (8.1%) of total reported cases from 1999 to 2009.[25] 

                                                                                                                           

3.3.2 National Machineries on Women:

The Philippine Commission on Women (PCW, formerly known as the National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women or NCRFW) is the national machinery for the advancement of women in the Philippines. The enactment in August 2009 of Republic Act 9710, otherwise known as the Magna Carta of Women (MCW), not only renamed the commission, it also “expanded PCW’s mandate as the primary policy-making and coordinating body on women and gender equality concerns.” PCW is the oversight body on women’s concerns, and is expected to “act as catalyst for gender mainstreaming, authority on women’s concerns, and lead advocate of women’s empowerment, gender equity, and gender equality in the country.”[26]

It must be noted that this machinery should be “closely monitored and evaluated from time to time to ensure that gender concerns are indeed incorporated in national and sub-national legislation, national and local government policies and plans, and budgetary allocations.” We must also look into whether these structures are considered “as powerful as the traditional ministries of finance, defense or public works.”[27] Whether these structures also enable meaningful and substantive civil society participation, particularly of women’s NGOs, is also another issue to consider.

 

Voices from the ground:

News Magazines/Articles:

 

a.   This is a statement by Senator Pia Cayetano (Philippines), President of the IPU Coordinating Committee of Women Parliamentarians

      during the Commission for the Status of Women in New York, March 2010. Read it here

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[1] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[2] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[3] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[4] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[5] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[6] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[7] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[8] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[9] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[10] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[11] Philippine Commission on Women. 2010. Factsheet: Filipino Women and Men. Philippine Commission on Women. http://www.ncrfw.gov.ph/index.php/statistics-on-filipino-women

[12] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[13] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[14] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[15] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[16] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[17] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[18] Philippine Commission on Women. 2010. Factsheet: Filipino Women and Men. Philippine Commission on Women. http://www.ncrfw.gov.ph/index.php/statistics-on-filipino-women

[19] Philippine Commission on Women. 2010. Factsheet: Filipino Women and Men. Philippine Commission on Women. http://www.ncrfw.gov.ph/index.php/statistics-on-filipino-women

[20] Philippine Commission on Women. 2010. Factsheet: Filipino Women and Men. Philippine Commission on Women. http://www.ncrfw.gov.ph/index.php/statistics-on-filipino-women

[21] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[22] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[23] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[24] The UN Secretary-General’s Database on Violence Against Women. Retrieved 17 July, 2010, from The Secretary-General’s Database on Violence Against Women Web site: http://webapps01.un.org/vawdatabase/advancedSearch.action

[25] Philippine Commission on Women. 2010. Factsheet: Filipino Women and Men. Philippine Commission on Women. http://www.ncrfw.gov.ph/index.php/statistics-on-filipino-women

[26] Philippine Commission on Women website. “About Us” page. http://www.ncrfw.gov.ph/index.php/ncrfw-profile

[27] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi and Racherla, Sai Jyothirmai. (2009.) Reclaiming and Redefining Rights, ICPD+15: Status of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Asia. Malaysia: ARROW.

[28] National Statistics Office (NSO) Philippines; ORC Macro. (2004). Philippines Demographic and Health Survey 2003.   Philippine: National Statistics Office (NSO) Philippines; ORC Macro

[29] National Statistics Office (NSO) Philippines; ORC Macro. (2004). Philippines Demographic and Health Survey 2003.   Philippine: National Statistics Office (NSO) Philippines; ORC Macro

[30] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi and Racherla, Sai Jyothirmai. (2009.) Reclaiming and Redefining Rights, ICPD+15: Status of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Asia. Malaysia: ARROW.

[31] Philippine National Statistics Office; ORC Macro. (2004). Article 12: Equality in Access to Health. In Philippine Demographic Health Survey 2003.  Philippines: National Statistics Office; ORC Macro.

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