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MDG 3:  Promote Gender Equality and Empower Woman

Disclaimer: Some of the MDG data presented in this website have been adjusted by the responsible specialized agencies to ensure international comparability, in compliance with their shared mandate to assess progress towards the MDGs at the regional and global levels.[1]

 

Target 3a: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015

 

Indicators (United Nations)

3.1  Ratios of girls to boys in education

Ø  2000: 0.98[2]

Ø  2005: 0.97[3]

Ø  2009: 0.98[4]

  1. Secondary: 

Ø  2001: 0.97[5]

Ø  2005: 1.06[6]

Ø  2009: 1.09[7]

  1. Tertiary:

Ø  2000: 1.17[8]

Ø  2005: 1.13[9]

Ø  2009: 1.24[10]

In Thailand, women tend to perform better in schools and tend to get higher education. While women’s share of primary and secondary enrollment is almost equal, they outnumber men in the tertiary level. A possible reason for this is because men may find suitable employment opportunities earlier, or women may stay on and study longer because they are either not looking for employment or do not find ‘suitable’ (in a gendered sense) employment.

 

 

3.2 Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector

  1. 2000: 44.1[11]
  2. 2005: 45.4[12]
  3. 2009: 45.4[13]               

Women actively participate in both agricultural and non-agricultural sector. However, despite the fact that women get their higher education and perform better in schools, they have fewer opportunities in career development.

 

Critical Indicators to monitor labour force participation

      3.2.1 Labour Force Participation:

  1. Female Economic Activity rate: 65.6%[14]
  2. Change in Economic Activity Rate using index (1990 = 100) 2005: 87[15]
  3. As % of male rate 2005: 81%[16]

Between 1990 and 2005, labour force participation of women decreased in Thailand as can be seen by the change in economic activity rate – 87 in 2005.

 

 

3.3 Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament

  1. 2000: 5.6[17]
  2. 2005: 8.8[18]
  3. 2010: 13.3[19]   

In terms of political participation and seats held by women in the national parliament, Thailand has fared poorly. “Although women are increasingly aware of their participation as politicians and administrators to lay down policies and implement them, and political parties have tried harder to look for female candidates at the national level, in reality it is harder for women to decide to enter [the] political arena. Female candidates and election winners at both national and local levels (except in the Bangkok Metropolitan City Council) still represent a small proportion, no more than 10 percent. There are both external opportunities and obstacles, such as the political selection process, the one-man-one-vote election system and social values, and internal factors as mentioned above that put women in [a] disadvantaged position [compared] with men.”

 

Critical indicators to monitor women’s legislation

3.1.1      Laws on equality; protecting women from violence[20]:

 

a.            Domestic Violence:  Protection of Domestic Violence Victims act B.E. 2550 (2007)

b.            Anti-Rape: Penal Code Governs the crime of rape

c.            Anti-Marital Rape: Criminal Code Amendment Act no. 19 B.E. 2550 (2007)

d.            Anti-Sexual Harassment: Labour Protection Act (Amended 2008)

e.            Anti-Trafficking: Prevention and Suppression of Human Trafficking Act B.E. 2551 (2008)

Despite the number of laws to protect the bodily rights and dignity of women, different forms of violence against women prevails in the Thai society. Again, the implementation of the laws is vastly different from the law itself. There are many laws relating to sex work: the Contagious Disease Act of 1908, the Entertainment Places Act of 1966 and the Prostitution Suppression Act of 1966. The Prostitution Prevention and Suppression Act of 1996 replaced the 1966 act. The new law criminalizes the selling of sexual services whereas the previous law stopped at penalizing soliciting for prostitution. The new law includes male sex workers and is intended to punish those involved in the sexual exploitation of minors. According to one source: “The new law is not expected to have much impact on the sex industry… it will most likely provide the basis for habitual extortion from sex establishments and sex workers on the part of the police. Sex workers fear contact with the police, which may include demands for cash or sexual favours, or detention in a rehabilitation centre which is regarded as little different from a prison. In Thailand, “sexual harassment against women both physical and verbal also continues in offices, factories, public places and among domestic workers, most of whom have not been treated fairly by employers.[21]

 

3.3.2 National Machineries on Women:

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[1] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[2] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[3] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[4] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[5] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[6] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[7] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[8] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[9] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[10] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[11] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[12] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[13] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[14] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[15] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[16] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[17] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[18] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[19] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[20] The UN Secretary-General’s Database on Violence Against Women. Retrieved 17 July, 2010, from The Secretary-General’s Database on Violence Against Women Web site: http://webapps01.un.org/vawdatabase/advancedSearch.action

[21] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi and Racherla, Sai Jyothirmai. 2009. Reclaiming and Redefining Rights, ICPD+15: Status of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Asia. Malaysia: ARROW

[22] Government of Thailand. (2004). Introduction. Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Combined fourth and fifth periodic report of States Parties– Thailand. Thailand: Government of Thailand.

[23] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi and Racherla, Sai Jyothirmai. (2009.) Reclaiming and Redefining Rights, ICPD+15: Status of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Asia. Malaysia: ARROW.

[24] World Contraceptive Use. (2007). Retrieved July 18, 2010, from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division Web site: http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/contraceptive2007/contraceptive_2007_table.pdf

[25] World Contraceptive Use. (2007). Retrieved July 18, 2010, from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division Web site: http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/contraceptive2007/contraceptive_2007_table.pdf

[26] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi and Racherla, Sai Jyothirmai. 2009. Reclaiming and Redefining Rights, ICPD+15: Status of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Asia. Malaysia: ARROW

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