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MDG 3:  Promote Gender Equality and Empower Woman

Disclaimer: Some of the MDG data presented in this website have been adjusted by the responsible specialized agencies to ensure international comparability, in compliance with their shared mandate to assess progress towards the MDGs at the regional and global levels.[1] 

 

Target 3a: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015

 

Indicators (United Nations)

3.1  Ratios of girls to boys in education

  1. Primary  :

Ø  2000: 0.95[2]

Ø  2005: NA[3]

Ø  2009: NA[4]

  1. Secondary: 

Ø  2001: 0.91[5]

Ø  2005: NA[6]

Ø  2009: NA[7]

  1. Tertiary:

Ø  2000: 0.72[8]

Ø  2005: NA[9]

Ø  2009: NA[10]

As comparative data is not available for the years 2005 and 2009, it is difficult to analyze the progress made towards achieving parity in education for girls and boys as of 2009. However, 2000 data shows that the disparity in ratio of school enrollment of girls and boys is very small. The data also shows that dropout rates for girls are higher in the tertiary level, indicating that fewer girls are pursuing higher education. Again, geographic disparities exist with poorer educational outcomes seen in the rural areas especially among ethnic minority women.

 

Voices from the ground:

News/MagazineArticles:

a.    “Research from around the world shows that empowering women is an essential aspect of successful social and economic development, and an important way to achieve this is to provide girls with more than just basic education.” Read more

b.    This article highlights the educational practices and norms in Vietnam. Read the article   

 

  

 

3.2 Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector

  1. 2000: 40.7[11]
  2. 2004: 40.4[12]
  3. 2009: NA[13]                 

Women in Vietnam actively participate and contribute to the national economy. According to the Fourth Vietnam MDG Report (2005), women represent 51% of the country’s population and constitute 48.2% of the labour force.[14] However, women tend to over-represent certain types of waged employment such as textiles and garments, tend to be self-employed, and dominate the non-waged agricultural sector. According to the 2006 World Bank report “41% of working men as opposed to 26% of working women are engaged in salaried or wage work”.[15] This clearly demonstrates the differences and lower rates of women’s waged employment.

 

Critical Indicators to monitor labour force participation

      3.2.1 Labour Force Participation:

  1. Female Economic Activity rate: 72.2%[16]
  2. Change in Economic Activity Rate using index (1990 = 100) 2005: 98[17]
  3. As % of male rate 2005: 92%[18]

Between 1990 and 2005 economic activity rate of women decreased marginally - 98% in 2005. Vietnam also reported the lowest gap between women’s participation in the labour force in the region.[19]

 

Vietnam has greatly benefited from globalization in terms of economic development. Women constitute a major percentage of workforce in Vietnam’s dominantly export oriented garment industry. In addition, women actively participate in the domestic market, private sector and informal economy. With high levels of unemployment and underemployment in the rural areas, the country has also witnessed high rates of migration, especially among girls, and single young women. While the garment industry has provided much needed employment particularly to girls and young women from the rural areas, it has come at a high cost of poor work conditions and wages. With little alternative choices of employment girls and women it is predicted that they will tend to continue dominating the garment factories despite the exploitative conditions of work.[20]

 

In addition, agricultural production is increasingly dependent on women’s labour, particularly the ethnic minorities. As per the World Bank gender analysis 2006, 87% of ethnic minority women in the rural areas are self-employed in agricultural work, with the least likelihood of finding waged employment.[21]

 

Voices from the ground:

Videos:

a.    This video shows the conditions of young women (sometimes at the age of 14) working in a garment factory in Vietnam. Watch the video   

 

 

3.3 Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament

  1. 2000: 26.0[22]
  2. 2005: 27.3[23]
  1. 2010: 25.8[24]   

Vietnam has one of the highest representations of women in the national parliament (25.8) in the region and 11.5% of ministerial positions are held by women.[25]

 

Critical indicators to monitor women’s legislation

3.3.1      Laws on equality; protecting women from violence[26]:

a.            Domestic Violence:  Law on Prevention of and Control over Domestic Violence (2007)

b.            Anti-Rape: The Penal Code provides the legal framework for prosecuting crimes of rape

c.            Anti-Marital Rape: Within Domestic Violence Law (2007)

d.            Anti-Sexual Harassment: There are currently no anti-sexual harassment laws in Vietnam

e.            Anti-Trafficking: Constitutional Provision, Penal Code (1992)

Despite the seemingly greater progress made in gender parity in education, employment and representation of women in decision-making positions in the region, Vietnam continues to struggle with the socio-cultural influences on gender roles. The there are legal provisions for the protection of women against discrimination, coercion and violence, weak enforcement of laws and women’s lack of knowledge of their rights impede the realization of gender equality.[27]

While the law on prevention and control over domestic violence came into enforcement in 2008, which also covers rape within marriage, sexual harassment has not yet been addressed in terms of law.

Vietnam maintains an abolitionist approach towards sex work as it demonstrates all the specified criteria. On 12 December 1995, the Vietnamese government called for swift measures “to eliminate social evils” which were identified as prostitution, drug addiction and gambling. When this was implemented in subsequent years, prostitution received the greatest attention. The Ordinance on Prevention and Suppression of Prostitution, No. 10/2003/PL-UBTVQH11, entered into force on 1 July 2003. This was the first ever specific document on the prevention and suppression of prostitution. The Ordinance provides social and economic measures to prevent prostitution and punitive measures against customers, procurers and prostitution organizers. Prostitutes are considered as the victims who will be put into state’s programmes for treatment, rehabilitation and reintegration. Sex work falls under the Penal Code, is not legal, and operates under a ‘mafia’ type of system.[28]

 

3.3.2 National Machineries on Women:

The National Committee for the Advancement of Women  was established in 1985 as an inter-ministerial committee responsible for advancing gender equality and women’s empowerment in Vietnam. However, limited funds and lack of gender expertise make it difficult for the Committee to fully fulfill its role in advancing women’s empowerment in Vietnam.[29]

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[1] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[2] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[3] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[4] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[5] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[6] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[7] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[8] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[9] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[10] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[11] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[12] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[13] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[14]Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. (2005). Vietnam Achieving the Millennium Development Goals. 92p. Available at: http://www.undg.org/archive_docs/6623-Viet_Nam_Fourth_MDG_Report.pdf

[15] World Bank et al. (2006) Vietnam Country Gender Assessment. Hanoi: World Bank, ADB, DFID, CIDA. 79p. Retrieved on 13 August 2010 from: www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Country-Gender-Assessments/cga-2006-vie.pdf

[16] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[17] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[18] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[19] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi and Racherla, Sai Jyothirmai. 2009. Reclaiming and Redefining Rights, ICPD+15: Status of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Asia. Malaysia: ARROW.

[20] Kabeer, N. and Tran Thi Van Anh. (2006). Globalisation, Gender and Work in the Context of Economic Transition: The Casse of Vietnam. UNDP Vietnam Policy Dialogue Paper No.2. Hanoi: UNDP. 40p. Retrieved on 13 August 2010 from: http://www.undp.org.vn/digitalAssets/4/4877_Policy_paper_2006-2.pdf

[21] World Bank et al. (2006) Vietnam Country Gender Assessment. Hanoi: World Bank, ADB, DFID, CIDA. 79p. Retrieved on 13 August 2010 from: www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Country-Gender-Assessments/cga-2006-vie.pdf

[22] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[23] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[24] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[25] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi and Racherla, Sai Jyothirmai. 2009. Reclaiming and Redefining Rights, ICPD+15: Status of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Asia. Malaysia: ARROW.

[26] The UN Secretary-General’s Database on Violence Against Women. Retrieved 17 July, 2010, from The Secretary-General’s Database on Violence Against Women Web site: http://webapps01.un.org/vawdatabase/advancedSearch.action

[27] Wellis, Melissa. (2005). ADB Vietnam Gender Situation Analysis 2005. Manila: Asian Development Bank. 117p. Retrieved on 13 August 2010 from: www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Country-Gender-Assessments/cga-vie.pdf

[28] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi and Racherla, Sai Jyothirmai. 2009. Reclaiming and Redefining Rights, ICPD+15: Status of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Asia. Malaysia: ARROW.

[29] Wellis, Melissa. (2005). ADB Vietnam Gender Situation Analysis 2005. Manila: Asian Development Bank. 117p. Retrieved on 13 August 2010 from: www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Country-Gender-Assessments/cga-vie.pdf

[30] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi and Racherla, Sai Jyothirmai. (2009.) Reclaiming and Redefining Rights, ICPD+15: Status of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Asia. Malaysia: ARROW.

[31] Committee for Population, Family and Children Vietnam]; ORC Macro.( 2003). Vietnam Demographic and Health Survey 2002. Vietnam: Committee for Population, Family and Children Vietnam]; ORC Macro.

[32] Committee for Population, Family and Children Vietnam]; ORC Macro.( 2003). Vietnam Demographic and Health Survey 2002. Vietnam: Committee for Population, Family and Children Vietnam]; ORC Macro.

[33] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi and Racherla, Sai Jyothirmai. 2009. Reclaiming and Redefining Rights, ICPD+15: Status of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Asia. Malaysia: ARROW.

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