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MDG 3:  Promote Gender Equality and Empower Woman 

Disclaimer: Some of the MDG data presented in this website have been adjusted by the responsible specialized agencies to ensure international comparability, in compliance with their shared mandate to assess progress towards the MDGs at the regional and global levels.[1] 

 

Target 3a: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015

 

Indicators (United Nations)

3.1  RATIOS OF GIRLS TO BOYS IN EDUCATION

  1. Primary  :

Ø  2000: 0.97[2]

Ø  2005: 0.97[3]

Ø  2008: 0.97[4]

  1. Secondary: 

Ø  2000: 0.95[5]

Ø  2005: 0.99[6]

Ø  2007: 0.99[7]

  1. Tertiary:

Ø  2000: 0.76[8]

Ø  2005: 0.79[9]

Ø  2007: 0.92[10]

Women’s share of tertiary enrolment in comparison to secondary enrolment drops significantly (between 3 – 14%) in Indonesia[11]  

Privatization of education is decreasing access especially for girls who are poor and low-income in Indonesia: “Abolishment of subsidies, particularly the ones provided to universities, makes the cost of university education become very expensive and this makes university education become increasingly inaccessible and unaffordable for the poor. The privatization of education makes poor families unable to send all their children to school and under such circumstances they normally prioritize their sons to go to school or to continue schooling. The application of decentralization shifts the burden of the financing of education from the central government to local governments and this poses a problem for regions that do not have sufficient resources. A likely ‘trend’ among local governments is to turn education as a source of locally generated revenues.”[12] 

 

 

3.2 SHARE OF WOMEN IN WAGE EMPLOYMENT IN THE NON-AGRICULTURAL SECTOR

  1. 2000: 31.7[13]
  2. 2005: 30.3[14]
  1. 2008: 32.4[15]   

 

Critical Indicators to monitor labour force participation

      3.2.1 Labour Force Participation:

Labour Force Participation:

  1. Female Economic Activity rate: 51.0[16]
  2. Change in Economic Activity Rate using index (1990 = 100) 2005: 101[17]
  3. As % of male rate 2005: 60[18]

 

Protection to migrant workers, especially women migrant workers working in private homes is an important issue in Indonesia, where “more than 80% of Indonesian migrant workers are women, and 90% of these women are employed in private homes as domestic workers,”[19] this is an area of concern: “a national law on the Placement and Protection of Indonesian Workers Abroad was ratified in 2004, in which the principles of equal rights and gender justice are explicitly mentioned. However, this law has no provision which recognizes the specific vulnerabilities of workers employed in private homes (domestic workers) of whom the majority are women and which constitute the majority of Indonesian migrant workers. In addition, the law only recognizes documented migrant workers, therefore leaving a large portion of men and women who are employed abroad without formal documents out of its framework of protection.”[20] 

  

Voices from the Ground

News Magazines/Articles:

a.    “It is estimated that there are approximately 2.6 million domestic workers in Indonesia. Poorly educated, unskilled, from poor backgrounds, conducting menial tasks and without career prospects, they are often considered and treated as second-class citizens. Their lower status in Indonesian society is also explained by gender prejudices and stereotypes which exist in relation to their work. Domestic work is seen as less important than other types of work as women have been doing it without formal payment for centuries.” This article focuses on an Indonesian domestic worker who was abused and exploited by  her employer. Read it here  

b.   This article talks about women and global human rights, and how for women working in these sweatshops in Indonesia have their rights violated. Read it here 

 

 

3.3 PROPORTION OF SEATS HELD BY WOMEN IN NATIONAL PARLIAMENT

  1. 2001: 8.0[21]
  2. 2005: 11.3[22]
  3. 2010: 18[23]      

Indonesia accounts for 10.8% of ministerial positions[24].  

 

3.3.1 Critical indicators to monitor women’s legislation

a.    Domestic Violence:  Law no.23 of 2004 regarding the Elimination of Household Violence (2004)

b.    Anti-Rape: Rape is a crime under the criminal code

c.    Anti-Marital Rape: Within Law no.23 of 2004 regarding the Elimination of Household Violence (2004)

d.    Anti-Sexual Harassment: There are currently no anti-sexual harassment laws in Indonesia

e.    Anti-Trafficking: Law on Anti-Trafficking (2007)

 

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3.4 Additional indicator for gender equality for sexual and reproductive health and rights

The third MDG deals with the status of women in society and aims to promote gender equality and empower women.

However achievement of gender equality is not only about sending girls to school, women to the workplace and to parliament.

Everyday, many women continue to face inequalities and inequities within the family and society that they live in.

Many issues of sexual and reproductive health and rights are in essence gender equality issues as well as health issues. Sexual and reproductive health outcomes are results of power inequalities which have a negative impact on women’s health.

Issues of contraception such as male participation in contraception and spousal opposition to contraception (which is addressed in the MDG 5 pages) are gender issues.

Maternal deaths is a demonstratable issue of gender inequality. And as only women ‘can die’ from maternal deaths, a lack of access to life-saving procedures and medicines can amount to ‘discrimination’.

Violence is a reflection of power inequalities in society and comparably more women then men continue to be targets. Violence against women often results in physical and mental ill-health as well as death.

Recognition of women’s autonomy over her sexual life and her sexuality is also unequal to that of men, and can result in both sexual and reproductive ill-health for women.

However, all of these issues are addressed neither in the goal on gender equality nor in the goal on maternal and reproductive health. We have tried to incorporate some perspectives on these on the pages on MDG 3 & 5.

One such critical indicator for which data is readily available is:

  

3.4.1 Male Contraception as % of total contraception: 

 

  1. Condom Users as proportion of all contraceptive users is 1.49%[29]
  2. Vasectomy as proportion of all contraceptive users is 0.6%[30]

Male contraception methods include condom usage and male steralisation. Condom users as proportion of all contraception users is 1.49%, and male steralisation users as proportion of all contraception users is 0.6 in Indonesia. In all 12 countries male contraception is at appallingly low rates, and is nowhere near the desired ideal of having both men and women sharing equal responsibility over  sexual and reproductive health decisions as couples

 

[1]Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[2] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[3] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[4] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[5] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[6] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[7] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[8] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[9] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[10] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[11] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi; Racherla Sai Jyothirmai. (2009). Chapter 2: Regional Context for the Realisation of sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights: Women’s Empowerment and Health Financing. In The State of the Region Report on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights-Monitoring ICPD+15 in Asia (Unpublished) (p.18). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: The Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women (ARROW) 

[12] CEDAW Working Group Initiative (CWGI). (2007). Article 10: Women’s Education. In Independent Report of Non-Government Organisations concerning the Implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in Indonesia (pp. 36). Jakarta, Indonesia: CWGI

[13] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[14] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[15] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[16] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[17] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[18] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[19] National Commission on Violence Against Women. (2007). Employment and Poverty. In Crucial Issues Related to the Implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in Indonesia:  An Independent Report. (pp. 7). Jakarta, Indonesia: National Commission on Violence Against Women

[20] National Commission on Violence Against Women. (2007). Employment and Poverty. In Crucial Issues Related to the Implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in Indonesia:  An Independent Report. (pp. 10). Jakarta, Indonesia: National Commission on Violence Against Women

[21] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[22] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[23] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[24] (Osteria, T. (2009). Towards Gender Equality in Asia and the Pacific: Response, Progress, and Challenges. Expert Group Meeting to assess the Progress in the Implementation of the Plan of Action on Population and Poverty Adopted at the Fifth Asian and Pacific Population Conference, 3-5 Feb 2009, Bangkok. Bangkok, Thailand: United Nations Economic and Social Commission for the Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP).

[25] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi; Racherla Sai Jyothirmai. (2009). Chapter 4: Sexual Health and Rights. In The State of the Region Report on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights-Monitoring ICPD+15 in Asia (Unpublished) (p.122). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: The Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women (ARROW)

[26] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi; Racherla Sai Jyothirmai. (2009). Chapter 4: Sexual Health and Rights. In The State of the Region Report on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights-Monitoring ICPD+15 in Asia (Unpublished) (p.1262). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: The Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women (ARROW)

[27] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi; Racherla Sai Jyothirmai. (2009). Chapter 4: Sexual Health and Rights. In The State of the Region Report on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights-Monitoring ICPD+15 in Asia (Unpublished) (p.128). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: The Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women (ARROW)

[28] Government of Indonesia. (2005). Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women Combined fourth and fifth periodic reports of States parties – Indonesia. Indonesia: Government of Indonesia.

[29] Statistics Indonesia. National Family Planning Coordinating Board. Ministry of Health. Macro International. (2008). Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 2007 (p. 142). Maryland, USA: Macro International.

[30] Statistics Indonesia. National Family Planning Coordinating Board. Ministry of Health. Macro International. (2008). Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 2007 (p. 142). Maryland, USA: Macro International.

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