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MDG 3:  Promote Gender Equality and Empower Woman

Disclaimer: Some of the MDG data presented in this website have been adjusted by the responsible specialized agencies to ensure international comparability, in compliance with their shared mandate to assess progress towards the MDGs at the regional and global levels.[1] 

 

Target 3a: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015

 

Indicators (United Nations)

3.1  RATIOS OF GIRLS TO BOYS IN EDUCATION

  1. Primary  :

Ø    2000: 0.84[2]

Ø  2005: 0.96[3]

Ø  2008: 0.97[4]

  1. Secondary: 

Ø  2000: 0.71[5]

Ø  2005: 0.82[6]

Ø  2007: 0.86[7]

  1. Tertiary:

Ø  2000: 0.66[8]

Ø  2005: 0.71[9]

Ø  2007: 0.7[10]

Access to tertiary education, which is still regarded as a luxury for girls in India. Women’s share of tertiary enrolment in comparison to secondary enrolment also drops significantly (between 3 – 14%) in India. Education of girls from minority groups is an issue in India. The shadow report highlights “that [the] educational situation of Muslim children, especially girls and those belonging to ‘lower’ castes, [is] worse than those belonging to the scheduled castes/ scheduled tribes… Over 1 in 3 lower caste Muslims girls never go to school. (SRI Report, 2005). However, reliable estimates of the educational status of Muslim girls are not readily available.”[11] 

      Voices from the ground:

 Videos:

a.    This video focuses on a day in the life of a young girl in Assam and issues around access to education. Watch the video

b.    This video focuses on two girls: Samina Shaikh (19) and Zarina Shaikh (18), who study at St Xavier's College and the Maharashtra College. These girls moved the court for police protection after they were "terrorised and threatened" by men in their locality who believe that "only girls with bad character go to college" and did not want sisters to receive tertiary education. The family was told that Islam does not "permit" girls to study. Watch the video  

c.    This video shows a school being run under a tree under an open sky in a village near Udiapur city in Rajasthan, India. Watch the video

d.    Teenage girls in rural India struggle to get an education as they are traditionally kept home to do household chores or look after their younger siblings. This video shows how Find Your Feet's partners in Uttar Pradesh have started day centres for teenage girls where they are learning how to read and write, healthcare and vocational skills. Watch the video 

News/MagazineArticles:

a.    This article highlights how difficult it is for girls in India to receive education, focusing in particular on young girls from rural areas.  Read it here 

b.    This report highlights the status of education in New Delhi, India. Read it here

 c.    The Annual Status of Education Report, 2009 points out yet again that what stands between rural girls and a good education is often basic facilities like transport and proper toilets. Read it here

 

 

3.2 SHARE OF WOMEN IN WAGE EMPLOYMENT IN THE NON-AGRICULTURAL SECTOR

  1. 2000: 16.6[12]
  2. 2005: 18.1[13]
  3. 2008:              

 

Critical Indicators to monitor labour force participation

      3.2.1 Labour Force Participation:

  1. Female Economic Activity rate: 34.0%[14]
  2. Change in Economic Activity Rate using index (1990 = 100) 2005: 94[15]
  3. As % of male rate 2005: 42%[16]

Women’s participation in the labour force decreased between 1990 and 2005 and the gap between women’s participation in the labour force was the highest in India. Women face many challenges in the work place. Many forms of discrimination in the workplace emerge within the CEDAW country shadow reports. Unequal access to employment opportunities and job segregation to the lowest-paid workforce are important issues. In India women still encounter greater difficulties than men in access to employment. Women form a minority in decision-making and managerial positions. They continue to have inadequate access to productive resources… Majority of women -- 87 per cent -- are employed as agricultural labourers and cultivators. Among the women workers in urban areas about 80 per cent are employed in the unorganised sectors like garment industry, petty trades, service sectors, building constructions, domestic work, anganwadis, nursing in private hospitals, teaching in private institutions, home-based work (house hold manufacture sector) etc…Women’s share in organised sector employment is only 17 per cent and most of it is located in the lower rung of the employment hierarchy.”[17]  

 

In India it is also noted that there is “no working and consistent social security programme for workers in India that covers all workers in all sectors of employment.”[18] 

 

 Traditional division of labour is prevalent in India: : “Gender discriminatory attitudes and an unequal sexual division of labour in production as well as in sharing of family responsibility are still prevalent. There are some categories of women who are even more disadvantaged such as disabled, migrant, dalit, urban informal and rural sector workers.”[19]

 

Voices from the ground:

Videos:

a.    Women in India are choosing to make a living driving cabs. Authorities say they want at least 500 lady drivers before the 2010 Commonwealth Games in New Dehli. Watch the video 

News/MagazineArticles:

a.    This article highlights how working women in India face the many challenges that come with juggling a career and family. Read it here 

b.    This article focuses on how working women face problems just by virtue of their being women, because social attitude to the role of women lags much behind the law.  Read it here            

&

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3.3.2 National Machineries on Women:

The Department of Women and Child Development is the nodal agency to guide, co-ordinate and review the efforts of the Government and NGOs and works in co-ordination with other institutions like the Central Social Welfare Board (CSWB), Women’s Development Corporations, National Institute of Public Co-operation and Child Development (NIPCCD) and the Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK). The Department of Women and Child Development, the State Commission for Women, Women’s Development Corporations and the State Social Welfare Boards are the institutional machineries at the State level.[36]

It must be noted that this machinery should be “closely monitored and evaluated from time to time to ensure that gender concerns are indeed incorporated in national and sub-national legislation, national and local government policies and plans, and budgetary allocations.” We must also look into whether these structures are considered “as powerful as the traditional ministries of finance, defense or public works.”[37]

 

 

3.4 Additional, critical indicators for gender equality with regards to sexual and reproductive health and rights

The third MDG deals with the status of women in society and aims to promote gender equality and empower women.

However achievement of gender equality is not only about sending girls to school, women to the workplace and to parliament.

Everyday, many women continue to face inequalities and inequities within the family and society that they live in.

Many issues of sexual and reproductive health and rights are in essence gender equality issues as well as health issues. Sexual and reproductive health outcomes are results of power inequalities which have a negative impact on women’s health.

Issues of contraception such as male participation in contraception and spousal opposition to contraception (which is addressed in the MDG 5 pages) are gender issues.

Maternal deaths is a demonstratable issue of gender inequality. And as only women ‘can die’ from maternal deaths, a lack of access to life-saving procedures and medicines can amount to ‘discrimination’.

Violence is a reflection of power inequalities in society and comparably more women then men continue to be targets. Violence against women often results in physical and mental ill-health as well as death.

Recognition of women’s autonomy over her sexual life and her sexuality is also unequal to that of men, and can result in both sexual and reproductive ill-health for women.

However, all of these issues are addressed neither in the goal on gender equality nor in the goal on maternal and reproductive health. We have tried to incorporate some perspectives on these on the pages on MDG 3 & 5.

One such critical indicator for which data is readily available is:

3.4.1 Male Contraception as % of total contraception:

  1. Condom Users as proportion of all contraceptive users is 9.26%[38]
  2. Vasectomy as proportion of all contraceptive users is 1.77%[39]

Male contraception methods include condom usage and male steralisation. Condom users as proportion of all contraception users is 9.26, and male steralisation users as proportion of all contraception users is 1.77 in India  . In all 12 countries male contraception is at appallingly low  rates, and is nowhere near the desired ideal of having  both men and women sharing equal responsibility over  sexual and reproductive health decisions as couples.

 

Additional Voices from the ground:

Study:

  1. The study, ‘Coherence or Disjunction? Tamil Nadu Policies and Progress on MDGs (Millennium Development Goals), Poverty, Gender Equity , and SRHR (Sexual and Reproductive Health ad Rights)’ by Ranjani K.Murthy, Fatima Bernard, Renuka Lakshmi Priya, Tamil Nadu Women’s Forum, Center for Women's Development Research looks at the progress the Tamil Nadu state has made in achieving the MDGs, with a focus on poverty, gender equity and SRHR. The study draws upon and moves beyond the national draft paper commissioned by the network Development Alternatives With Women for a New Era on the same theme which covered India, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat (co authored with Renu Khanna). It moves beyond the national draft study, in the sense that it incorporates inputs from (rural) Women’s Tribunal on “Holding The Government Accountable to Its Promise to End Poverty & Social Exclusion” organized by the Tamil Nadu Women’s Forum along with Wada Na Todo Campaign. in Chennai on 29th an d 30th of August, 2010, facilitated by Beulah Azhariah and Asha Ramesh. The study argues that in-spite of economic growth, the state as per official statistics is behind on several gender, poverty and universal RH MDG targets/indicators (while doing well on maternal health targets), let alone broader SRHR issues.   This is more so in the case of dalits, adivasis, landless laborers, slum dwellers, migrants and people living in backward districts. Women and girls, with few exceptions, fare worse amongst these marginalized groups than their male counterparts., as do females heading households and Muslim women. All women lag behind on gender equality targets (other than gender parity in primary and secondary enrollment)! Whether progress on maternal health will be sustained with moving of services from village sub centers to PHCs is contested. There is little coherence between policies on poverty, gender equity and SRHR, with each moving in different directions and each not addressing deep rooted causes of poverty, gender inequality and SRHR violations Among key way forwards, the study points the need to integrate human rights declarations, Cairo ICPD agenda, and the Beijing PFA agenda, with gender and equity issues cross cutting across all Millennium Development Goals and national/state planning process. The paper recommends that dominant paradigm of privatization of agricultural land, common property resources, health and other services also has to be questioned.To read the study, click here

 

[1] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[2] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[3] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[4] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[5] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[6] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[7] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[8] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[9] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[10] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[11] National Alliance of Women (NAWO). (2006).Article 10: Education. In India: Second NGO Shadow Report on CEDAW (pp. 72). India : NAWO

[12] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[13] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[14] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[15] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[16] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[17] National Alliance of Women (NAWO). (2006).Article 11 & 13: Employment. In India: Second NGO Shadow Report on CEDAW (pp. 83 - 4). India : NAWO

[18] National Alliance of Women (NAWO). (2006).Article 11 & 13: Employment. In India: Second NGO Shadow Report on CEDAW (pp. 88). India : NAWO

[19]  National Alliance of Women (NAWO). (2006).Article 11 & 13: Employment. In India: Second NGO Shadow Report on CEDAW (pp. 83 - 4). India : NAWO

[20] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[21] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[22] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[23] National Alliance of Women (NAWO). (2006).Article 7: Political and Public Life. In India: Second NGO Shadow Report on CEDAW (pp. 60). India : NAWO

[24] National Alliance of Women (NAWO). (2006).Article 7: Political and Public Life. In India: Second NGO Shadow Report on CEDAW (pp. 62). India : NAWO

[25] National Alliance of Women (NAWO). (2006).Article 7: Political and Public Life. In India: Second NGO Shadow Report on CEDAW (pp. 63). India : NAWO

[26] National Alliance of Women (NAWO). (2006).Article 7: Political and Public Life. In India: Second NGO Shadow Report on CEDAW (pp. 61). India : NAWO

[27] The UN Secretary-General’s Database on Violence Against Women. Retrieved 17 July, 2010, from The Secretary-General’s Database on Violence Against Women Web site: http://webapps01.un.org/vawdatabase/advancedSearch.action

[28] CyberGhandi. (2008). Rape Cases in India Jump 678% Since 1971: NCRB. Retrieved 23 July 2009, from A Zillion Reasons to Escape from India Web site: http://escapefromindia.wordpress.com/2008/01/05/rape-cases-in-india-jump-678-since-1971-ncrb

[29] Dutta, D. (2006). The Absurdity of Laws. Retrieved July 30 2009, from InfoChange India News & Features Web site: http://infochangeindia.org/200602195622/Agenda/Claiming-Sexual-Rights-In-India/The-absurdity-of-laws.html

[30] Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. (2006).

[31] Dutta, D. (2006). The Absurdity of Laws. Retrieved July 30 2009, from InfoChange India News & Features Web site: http://infochangeindia.org/200602195622/Agenda/Claiming-Sexual-Rights-In-India/The-absurdity-of-laws.html

[32] Chatterji, A. (2006). Sexual Harassment: Battling Unwanted Sexual Attention. Retrieved July 24, 2009 from InfoChange India News and Features Development News India Web site: http://infochangeindia.org/200602095631/Agenda/Claiming-Sexual-Rights-In-India/Sexual-harassment-Battling-unwelcome-sexual-attention.html

[33] Musharraf, G.P; Mansoor, J.A. (2002). Prevention and Control of Human Trafficking Ordinance. Retrieved July 23, 2009, from Federal Investigation Agency, Government of Pakistan Web site: http://www.fia.gov.pk/pchto2002.htm

[34] Centre for Reproductive Rights (CRR). (2004). India. Women of the World: Laws and Policies Affecting Their Reproductive Lives, South Asia (pp. 102). New York, USA: CRR

[35] National Alliance of Women (NAWO). (2006). India: Second NGO Shadow Report on CEDAW (pp.220). India : NAWO

[36] Government of India. (2005). Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Combined second and third periodic reports of States parties – India. India: Government of India.

[37] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi and Racherla, Sai Jyothirmai. (2009). Reclaiming and Redefining Rights, ICPD+15: Status of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Asia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: The Asian-Pacific Resource & Research Centre for Women (ARROW)

[38] International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International. (2007). National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3),2005–06: India. Deonar, Mumbai, India: IIPS

[39] International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International. (2007). National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3),2005–06: India. Deonar, Mumbai, India: IIPS

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