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MDG 3:  Promote Gender Equality and Empower Woman 

Disclaimer: Some of the MDG data presented in this website have been adjusted by the responsible specialized agencies to ensure international comparability, in compliance with their shared mandate to assess progress towards the MDGs at the regional and global levels.[1] 

  

Target 3a: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015

 

Indicators (United Nations)

3.1  RATIOS OF GIRLS TO BOYS IN EDUCATION

  1. Primary  :
    1. 2000: 0.87[2]
    2. 2005: 0.93[3]
    3. 2008: 0.94[4]
  2. Secondary: 
    1. 2000: 0.55[5]
    2. 2005:
    3. 2007:0.82[6]
  3. Tertiary:
    1. 2000: 0.34[7]
    2. 2005: 0.47[8]
    3. 2008: 0.54[9]

Gender differentials in education are counted into the overall numbers of HDI and GDI. In general access to education for girls and primary and secondary gross enrollment rates have increased. However, Cambodia has witnessed a significant drop in women’s share of tertiary enrolment in comparison to secondary enrolment (between 3 – 14%).

Education of girls from minority groups is also an issue in Cambodia. Despite heavy donor investment and policy drive, “girls have extremely limited opportunities to receive education in rural areas, particularly among minority ethnic groups. Obstacles for girls going to school arise from the gender [ideologies] that girls need no education. Another obstacle is the lack of personal security in rural areas. Girls and women with disabilities are also often deprived of their right to education. In rural areas, the distance girls have to travel to access lower secondary school and secondary school is also a barrier.”[10]

 

Voices from the ground:

News/Magazine Articles:

a. This article focuses on and evaluates the situation of female literacy in Cambodia, and also makes recommendations about how to 

     improve Cambodia’s education plan. Read it here

 

 

3.2 SHARE OF WOMEN IN WAGE EMPLOYMENT IN THE NON-AGRICULTURAL SECTOR

  1. 2000: 41.1 (total paid employment)[11]
  2. 2005: 43.5 (total employment) [12]
  3. 2008:              

 

Critical Indicators to monitor labour force participation

      3.2.1 Labour Force Participation:

  1. Female Economic Activity rate: 74.4%[13]
  2. Change in Economic Activity Rate using index (1990 = 100) 2005: 96[14]
  3. As % of male rate 2005: 93%[15]

Women’s participation in the labour force decreased in Cambodia, between 1990 and 2005. However, Cambodia was also one of the countries that had lowest gap between women’s participation in the labour force in the region. Discrimination against pregnant women workers, a lack of maternity benefits and childcare facilities have been noted as a problem by the government of Cambodia.Unequal access to employment opportunities and job segregation to the lowest-paid workforce are important issues in Cambodia. To quote from the Cambodia CEDAW Shadow Report, “Job segregation in the paid workforce, with women disproportionately occupying low-skilled and low-paid jobs, remains a major concern in women’s employment. Women’s unequal access to employment opportunities is also a serious barrier. Women who are engaged in paid work occupy only 12% of the total female workforce; 26% of female paid workers are working at garment factories... The gender disparity in income is 33%... Currently, there is no specific policy or law to ensure equal promotions, job security and benefits for women.”[16]  In addition, traditional division of labour is an important issue in Cambodia: “The traditional division of labor has given women the prime responsibility for domestic work, such as childcare, care of the elderly, cooking and cleaning.” (ibid)

 

Voices from the ground:  

 News/Magazine Articles:

 

a.    This article focuses on the testimony given by an 11 year old girl who was held captive as a domestic worker in Phnom Penh by her ‘godmother’. The girl was abused by the use of pliers, brooms and whips. Read more

 b.    This article by the Asia Monitor Resource Centre outlines problems women face while working in garment factories in Cambodia. Read more

c.  These articles highlight the low wages female beer promoters in Cambodia earn (80 – 110 USD a month), leading many of them to be go into sex work, which leaves them open to HIV risks as well as harassment (unwanted sexual touching, coerced sexual acts), rude language and physical abuse.

·         Article 1 

·         Article 2

·         Article 3

 

 

3.3 PROPORTION OF SEATS HELD BY WOMEN IN NATIONAL PARLIAMENT

  1. 2000: 8.2[17]
  2. 2005: 9.8[18]
  3. 2010: 21.1[19]     

While there is increase in the proportion of seats held by women in the national parliament in Cambodia between 2000 and 2010, structural and social barriers continue to impede the progress of women’s political participation in Cambodia. Compared to education and labour force participation which have clear targets for achievement, and which also have a direct economic benefit on nations, political participation of women seems not to offer this direct benefit while simultaneously challenging deeply-embedded power structures.[20]

 

Critical indicators to monitor women’s legislation

3.3.1 Laws on equality; protecting women from violence[21]:

a.  Domestic Violence:  Law on the Prevention of Domestic Violence and Protection of Victims (2005)

b.    Anti-Rape: Rape is a crime under the UNTAC Criminal Code (Article 33) and also under the Law on Aggravating Circumstances of the Felonies (Article 5) – CEDAW Shadow Report. There is no specific government policy on rape in Cambodia

c.    Anti-Marital Rape: Law on the Prevention of Domestic Violence and Protection of Victims (2005)

d.    Anti-Sexual Harassment: Article 172 of the Labour Law 1997 (LAW)

e.    Anti-Trafficking: Law on the Suppression of Human Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation (2008)

Several laws have been enacted to protect women from discrimination, coercion and violence. Of special note is the recognition of rape within marriage and the anti-marital rape provision within the Domestic Violence act. Sexual harassment in the public sphere is another important aspect of violence and the anti-sexual harassment provisions is covered under the Labour Law 1997. Specific laws on trafficking exists in Cambodia. While the constitution of the country prohibits prostitution; however, there is no specific legislation against working as a prostitute. Trafficking in women for the purpose of prostitution is considered a serious problem, despite the existence of laws against procuring and kidnapping for purposes of sexual exploitation.

  

3.3.2 National Machineries on Women:

The Cambodian National Council of Women was established in 2001, in addition to Ministry of Women’s and Veteran’s Affairs as national machineries to promote and protect women’s rights.

It must be noted that this machinery should be “closely monitored and evaluated from time to time to ensure that gender concerns are indeed incorporated in national and sub-national legislation, national and local government policies and plans, and budgetary allocations.” We must also look into whether these structures are considered “as powerful as the traditional ministries of finance, defense or public works.”[22]

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[1]Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[2] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[3] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[4] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[5] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[6] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[7] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[8] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[9] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[10] Cambodian NGO Committee on CEDAW 2001; Cambodian Committee of Women (CAMBOW). (2001). Executive Summary. Joint Coalition Shadow Report for the CEDAW Committee, Report on Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women In Cambodia (p. 21). Cambodia; Cambodian NGO Committee on CEDAW 2001; CAMBOW

[11] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[12] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[13] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[14] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[15] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[16] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi and Racherla, Sai Jyothirmai. 2009. Reclaiming and Redefining Rights, ICPD+15: Status of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Asia. Malaysia: ARROW.

[17] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[18] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[19] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[20] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi and Racherla, Sai Jyothirmai. 2009. Reclaiming and Redefining Rights, ICPD+15: Status of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Asia. Malaysia: ARROW.

[21]The UN Secretary-General’s Database on Violence Against Women. Retrieved 17 July, 2010, from The Secretary-General’s Database on Violence Against Women Web site: http://webapps01.un.org/vawdatabase/advancedSearch.action

[22] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi and Racherla, Sai Jyothirmai. (2009). Reclaiming and Redefining Rights, ICPD+15: Status of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Asia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: The Asian-Pacific Resource & Research Centre for Women (ARROW)

[23] National Institute of Public Health; National Institute of Statistics; Macro ORC. (2006). Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2005. Cambodia: National Institute of Public Health; National Institute of Statistics; Macro ORC.

[24] National Institute of Public Health; National Institute of Statistics; Macro ORC. (2006). Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2005. Cambodia: National Institute of Public Health; National Institute of Statistics; Macro ORC.

[25] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi and Racherla, Sai Jyothirmai. 2009. Reclaiming and Redefining Rights, ICPD+15: Status of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Asia. Malaysia: ARROW.

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