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MDG 3:  Promote Gender Equality and Empower Woman

Disclaimer: Some of the MDG data presented in this website have been adjusted by the responsible specialized agencies to ensure international comparability, in compliance with their shared mandate to assess progress towards the MDGs at the regional and global levels.[1] 

 

Target 3a: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015

 

Indicators (United Nations)

3.1  Ratios of girls to boys in education

  1. Primary  :

Ø  2000: 1.00[2]

Ø  2005: 1.00[3]

Ø  2007: 1.00[4]

  1. Secondary: 

Ø  2000: 1.08[5]

Ø  2005: 1.1[6]

Ø  2007: 1.07[7]

  1. Tertiary:

Ø  2000: 1.06[8]

Ø  2005: 1.29[9]

Ø  2007: 1.29[10]

In Malaysia, enrollment rates of girls are equal to boys in primary school and has remained constantly so from 2000 to 2007. Women’s enrollment rates exceed those of men in secondary and tertiary levels. Girls and women are also staying longer in schools and in educational institutions. Males are dropping out[11] due to the set-up of the education system and this would pose interesting questions around masculinities, male identities and social exclusion in the future.[12]

However, even in Malaysia where educational enrollment seems to be in favour of women and girls, there are still forms of gender discrimination. Girls who become pregnant when in school have to leave school as circumstances make it difficult, if not impossible, for them to continue their education after giving birth. The ones who can afford to can seek admission into private schools. There are no government programmes or support mechanisms to deal with the concerns of these girls, and the extent of the problem is unknown.[13] We also have to examine whether certain groups of girls and women continue to face unequal opportunities for education, such as those from indigenous groups and those with disabilities.

 

  

3.2 Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector

  1. 2000: 37.9 (total paid employment)[14]
  2. 2005: 38.5 (total employment)[15]
  3. 2008: 39.2[16]               

The seeming gender equity in education has not resulted in equality in employment in Malaysia. The share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector is lower than of men, marginally rising only by 1.3 points from 2000 to 2008.

 

Critical Indicators to monitor labour force participation

      3.2.1 Labour Force Participation:

  1. Female Economic Activity rate: 46.5%[17]
  2. Change in Economic Activity Rate using index (1990 = 100) 2005: 105[18]
  3. As % of male rate 2005: 57%[19]

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3.4 Additional, critical indicators for gender equality with regards to sexual and reproductive health and rights

The third MDG deals with the status of women in society and aims to promote gender equality and empower women.

However achievement of gender equality is not only about sending girls to school, women to the workplace and to parliament.

Everyday, many women continue to face inequalities and inequities within the family and society that they live in.

Many issues of sexual and reproductive health and rights are in essence gender equality issues as well as health issues. Sexual and reproductive health outcomes are results of power inequalities which have a negative impact on women’s health.

Issues of contraception such as male participation in contraception and spousal opposition to contraception (which is addressed in the MDG 5 pages) are gender issues.

Maternal deaths is a demonstratable issue of gender inequality. And as only women ‘can die’ from maternal deaths, a lack of access to life-saving procedures and medicines can amount to ‘discrimination’.

Violence is a reflection of power inequalities in society and comparably more women then men continue to be targets. Violence against women often results in physical and mental ill-health as well as death.

Recognition of women’s autonomy over her sexual life and her sexuality is also unequal to that of men, and can result in both sexual and reproductive ill-health for women.

However, all of these issues are addressed neither in the goal on gender equality nor in the goal on maternal and reproductive health. We have tried to incorporate some perspectives on these on the pages on MDG 3 & 5.

One such critical indicator for which data is readily available is:

3.4.1 Male Contraception as % of total contraception:

a.    Condom users as proportion of all contraceptive users: 9.72%[34]

b.    Vasectomy as proportion of all contraceptive users: Sterilisation data not disaggregated between male and female

Condom users comprise 9.72% of all contraceptive users. While this is higher comparatively to other Asian countries (of 12 Asian countries reviewed by ARROW, Malaysia has the second highest proportion of condom users following Pakistan which has 22.97%), this is nowhere near the desired ideal of having both men and women share equal responsibility over sexual and reproductive health decisions. Data on vasectomy as a proportion of all contraceptive users is not available.[35] It is crucial that gender-disaggregated data on male sterilisation is monitored and made available.

 

[1] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[2] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[3] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[4] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[5] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[6] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[7] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[8] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[9] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[10] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[11] United for Children (UNICEF). (2004). Statistics. Retrieved September 17, 2009, from UNICEF website: http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/malaysia_statistics.html#56

[12] Barker, G.T. (2005). Dying to be Men: Youth, Masculinity and Social Exclusion. London, UK: Routledge.

[13] National Council for Women’s Organisations (NCWO); Women’s Aid Organisation (WAO); NGO Shadow Report Group. (2005). Article 10: Education. In NGO Shadow Report on the Initial and Second Periodic Report of the Government of Malaysia Reviewing the Government’s Implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (p. 51). Malaysia: NCWO; WAO; NGO Shadow Report Group 2001.

[14] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[15] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[16] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[17] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[18] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[19] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[20] National Council for Women’s Organisations (NCWO); Women’s Aid Organisation (WAO); NGO Shadow Report Group. (2005). Article 11: Employment. NGO Shadow Report on the Initial and Second Periodic Report of the Government of Malaysia Reviewing the Government’s Implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (p. 67). Malaysia: NCWO; WAO; NGO Shadow Report Group 2001

[21] National Council for Women’s Organisations (NCWO); Women’s Aid Organisation (WAO); NGO Shadow Report Group. (2005). Article 11: Employment. NGO Shadow Report on the Initial and Second Periodic Report of the Government of Malaysia Reviewing the Government’s Implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (p. 63). Malaysia: NCWO; WAO; NGO Shadow Report Group 2001.

[22] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[23] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[24] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[25] National Council for Women’s Organisations (NCWO); Women’s Aid Organisation (WAO); NGO Shadow Report Group. (2005). Article 7: Political Participation and Public Life. NGO Shadow Report on the Initial and Second Periodic Report of the Government of Malaysia Reviewing the Government’s Implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (p. 36). Malaysia: NCWO; WAO; NGO Shadow Report Group 2001.

[26] National Council for Women’s Organisations (NCWO); Women’s Aid Organisation (WAO); NGO Shadow Report Group. (2005). Article 7: Political Participation and Public Life. NGO Shadow Report on the Initial and Second Periodic Report of the Government of Malaysia Reviewing the Government’s Implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (p. 39). Malaysia: NCWO; WAO; NGO Shadow Report Group 2001.

[27] National Council for Women’s Organisations (NCWO); Women’s Aid Organisation (WAO); NGO Shadow Report Group. (2005). Article 7: Political Participation and Public Life. NGO Shadow Report on the Initial and Second Periodic Report of the Government of Malaysia Reviewing the Government’s Implementation of the

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (p. 37). Malaysia: NCWO; WAO; NGO Shadow Report Group 2001.

[28] National Council for Women’s Organisations (NCWO); Women’s Aid Organisation (WAO); NGO Shadow Report Group. (2005). Article 7: Political Participation and Public Life. NGO Shadow Report on the Initial and Second Periodic Report of the Government of Malaysia Reviewing the Government’s Implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (p. 41). Malaysia: NCWO; WAO; NGO Shadow Report Group 2001.

[29] The UN Secretary-General’s Database on Violence Against Women. Retrieved 17 July, 2010, from The Secretary-General’s Database on Violence Against Women Web site: http://webapps01.un.org/vawdatabase/advancedSearch.action

[30] Malaysian jailed for marital rape. (2009). Sydney Morning Herald. http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/malaysian-jailed-for-marital-rape-20090806-eb1q.html

[31] Women’s Aid Organisation (WAO). (2001). Women’s Equality in Malaysia Status Report. http://www.wao.org.my/news/20010301statusreport.htm

[32] Government of Malaysia. (2004). In consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Combined initial and second periodic reports of States parties – Malaysia.  Malaysia: Government of Malaysia.

[33] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi and Racherla, Sai Jyothirmai. 2009. Reclaiming and Redefining Rights, ICPD+15: Status of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Asia. Malaysia: ARROW.

[34] World Contraceptive Use. (2007). Retrieved July 18, 2010, from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division Web site: http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/contraceptive2007/contraceptive_2007_table.pdf

[35] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi and Racherla, Sai Jyothirmai. 2009. Reclaiming and Redefining Rights, ICPD+15: Status of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Asia. Malaysia: ARROW.

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